A 5item likert scale was created from this instrument by first adding a 3 neutralundecided option and also by adding five. The likert scale questionnaire format and examples. Mar 07, 20 our conclusion is that most modern researchers agree that the neutral rating in a 5 point scale is needed when conducting survey research. The usual likert scale will comprise of a minimum of five response categories.
The psychometric literature suggests that having more scale points is better but there is a diminishing return after around 11 points nunnally 1978. The likert scale originated with rensis likert 21, and has a long history of use in kinesiology research , 14, 24. Reporting and interpreting scores derived from likerttype. Likert scale examples for surveys iowa state university. Most commonly seen as a 5point scale ranging from strongly disagree on one end to. It is the most widely used approach to scaling responses in survey research, such that the term or more accurately the likerttype scale is often used interchangeably with rating scale, although there are. Here the various degrees of importance are represented in a 4point likert scale.
A likerttype scale involves a series of statements that respondents may choose from in order to rate their responses to evaluative questions vogt, 1999. The short answer is that 7point scales are a little better than 5pointsbut not by much. One of the most common scale types is a likert scale. Use and misuse of the likert item responses and other ordinal. The five point scale provides what the former category cannot. Carifio and perla 5, 6 are among the strongest supporters for treating likerttype responses as interval data, going so far as to suggest that the likertresponses approximate ratio data. Dec 05, 2011 the likert scale is an ordinal psychometric measurement of attitudes, beliefs and opinions. Organizational psychologist rensis likert developed the likert scale in order to assess the level of agreement or disagreement of a symmetric agreedisagree scale. This is a complete guide on 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,and 10 point likert scale, questionnaire examples, analysis and how to interprete all types of likert. A likert scale is a survey tool used to measure attitudes and opinions by asking people to respond to a series of statements about a topic, in terms of the extent to which they agree or disagree with it likert scale was developed by a renowned psychologist by the name rensis likert. The likert scale is an ordinal psychometric measurement of attitudes, beliefs and opinions. The likert scale is one of the more popular metrics for attitudinal research. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. In survey research, likert scales are the most commonly used type of scale.
Reporting and interpreting scores derived from likerttype scales. A survey scale represents a set of answer optionseither numeric or verbalthat cover a range of opinions on a topic. On the other hand, if the association finds that past surveys are falling lopsidedly on one side of the five point survey, then it might want to consider increasing the length of the. Likerts monograph 1932 makes it clear he never intended for the five point, sevenpoint or other response alternatives to be the scale. After all, as noted above, the options are supposed to reflect an underlying continuum rather than a finite number of possible attitudes.
Analyzing likert data the journal of extension joe. Likert scale data, on the other hand, are analyzed at the interval measurement scale. Research confirms that data from likert items and those with similar ratinglessca becomes significantly less accurate when the number of scale points drops below five or above seven. Reporting and interpreting scores derived from likerttype scales j. The evennumbered scale usually forces a respondent to choose while the oddnumbered scale provides an option for indecision or neutrality. The cronbachs alphas for the original test ranged from 0. Clemson university frequency 7 point 1 never 2 rarely, in less than 10% of the chances when i could have. Likerttype or frequency scales use fixed choice response formats and are designed to measure attitudes or opinions 2. The five point likert scale for dyspnea can properly assess the degree of pulmonary congestion and predict adverse events in heart failure outpatients. Subjects choose from a range of possible responses to a specific question or statement. When multiple likert question responses are summed together interval data. When it comes to know the attitude of people towards a situation or any other thing more quantitatively.
They do make the important distinction between likert scales compared to the answers to individual questions using likerttype responses. Most researchers would not use a 3point likerttype scale with a statistical technique requiring interval data. Robert warmbrod1 abstract fortynine percent of the 706 articles published in the journal of agricultural education from 1995 to 2012 reported quantitative research with at least one variable measured by a likert type scale. The provision of number of scale points, 5 point or 7 point, would be more engaging to the minds of respondents when the items on the scale carry the statement.
For example, each of the five or seven responses would have a numerical value which would be used to measure the attitude under investigation. The most easy to use likert scale question which has only two answer options. Sep 10, 2019 almost all likert scale templates are easily editable in microsoft word and lets a user to make and print likert scale shortly in tiny span of time. A commonly used 5 point likert scale examples to measure satisfaction is. A likert scale has different rating scales usually from 1 to 5 that have been developed to measure attitudes of people directly.
It can also measure all likert types, whether its satisfaction or agreement, among others. Heiberger2 1 nbr, 11 christine court, wayne, nj 074706523 2 temple university, 332 speakman hall 006 12, philadelphia, pa 19122 6083 abstract rating scales such as likert scales and semantic differential scales are very common in. Since the advent of likert scale in 1932, there have been debates among the users about its best possible usability in term of reliability and validity of number of points on the scale 1720. The option tool, developed for use in general practice or family medicine 80 to measure evidence of sdm, uses a five point likert scale strongly agree to strongly disagree for 12 items identified as required components of an sdm consultation box 493. The likert scale is named after its creator, rensis likert, who developed it in 1932. To distinguish individual items from the summated likert scale, we will refer to the individual items as likert. Likertscale questionnaires are the most commonly used type of instrument for.
The original idea for the likert scale is found in rensis likerts 1932 article in archive of psychology titled a technique for the measurement of attitudes. Likert scale questions, survey and examples questionpro. Likert scale items are created by calculating a composite score sum or mean from four or more type likert type items. The purpose of this paper is to present a set of five guidelines for constructing likertscale instruments. That opinion is expressed on a five point scale with the midpoint representing a neutral opinion, and the other four choices expressing mild or moderate and strong agreement or disagreement. A typical item in a likert scale is a statement to which respondents rate their level of agreement.
This type of likert scale allows researchers to include 4 extreme options without the provision of a neutral option. The results of a 5point scale might not be objective. Developing likertscale questionnaires jalt publications. A psychometric response scale primarily used in questionnaires to obtain participants preferences or degree of agreement with a statement or set of statements. If required, the ends of the scale can be extended to facilitate a seven point scale. A likert type scale involves a series of statements that respondents may choose from in order to rate their responses to evaluative questions vogt, 1999. Discussion paper on scales for measuring customer satisfaction. Its always part of a closedended question a question that presents respondents with prepopulated answer choices.
That is, the likert scale can be fourpoint, five point, sixpoint, and so on. Likert scale, rating system, used in questionnaires, that is designed to measure peoples attitudes, opinions, or perceptions. Likert scale is typically a five, seven, or ninepoint agreement scale used to measure respondents agreement with a variety of statements. Analyzing data measured by individual likerttype items. Very satisfied, satisfied, neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, dissatisfied and very dissatisfied. While likert opted for five, there is no theoretical reason to rule out different lengths of response scale. In an ordinal scale, responses can be rated or ranked, but the distance between responses is not measurable. Pdf likert scale is applied as one of the most fundamental and frequently used psychometric tools in. Today likert type data have been used in many fields related to the social sciences. What happened to the societies europeans came into contact with when they began to colonise the rest of the world.
The emphasis of this chart is attracting attention rather than communicating clearly. There is much debate over the use of a 5 point scale vs. When it comes to know the attitude of people towards a situation or any other thing more quantitatively, a likert scale can be a handful tool to do so in best way. In this example the academic, agree 30 point is invisible as it looks like an interpolated point. This all depends on the psychometric properties of the measure that you are using.
Developed in 1932 by rensis likert 1 to measure attitudes, the typical likert scale is a 5 or 7 point ordinal scale used by respondents to rate the degree to which they agree or disagree with a statement table. A likert scale assumes that the strengthintensity of an attitude is linear, i. The scale measures responses on a degree of least to most and questions people regarding the extent to which they agree, disagree, approve, disapprove or think to be true or false. There is much debate over the use of a 5point scale vs. However, these studies provide no grounds for preferring five rather than seven. A cognitive behavior intervention abstract concepts and feelings are made visualdepicts intensity of degree of emotionbehavior concrete static personal talk in numbers may be preferred over social or emotional words. Likert scale is mostly used in surveys and research work to know exactly that what people actually think about a particular product, situation or event. Some scholars advocate an odd point scale where respondents can have a neutral middle point referred to as bipolar measurement either. Of the researchers who participated in this discussion, 71% expressed a preference for 5 point likert scales, 12% preferred the 6 point scale, and 17% were neutral on the matter. If youre taking a likert survey, youll see a series of statements, and youll be asked to indicate whether you strongly disagree, disagree, slightly disagree, are undecided, slightly agree, agree, or strongly agree. Pressure from europeans bought about changes to language, religion. A 5item likert scale was created from this instrument by first adding a 3 neutralundecided option and also by adding five negativelyworded items to the instrument.
Reporting and interpreting scores derived from likert type scales j. Its a question that uses a 5 or 7point scale, sometimes. Survey questions using the same structure but a different set of options such as on a scale of 1 to 5 how likely are. Likert scale definition, examples and analysis simply psychology. In its final form, the likert scale is a five or seven point scale which is used to allow the individual to express how much they agree. The ribbons imply continuity of the agreement scale. Usually a five point scale of agreement like the following is used. In its final form, the likert scale is a five or seven point scale which is used to allow the individual to express how much they agree or disagree with a particular statement. The original instrument had 10 efficacy items and used a 4point likert scale. A likert scale is distinguished by asking its participants to mark their agreement or disagreement with a particular statement on a symmetrical scale. Almost all likert scale templates are easily editable in microsoft word and lets a user to make and print likert scale shortly in tiny span of time.
The most glaring example of this is the process of colonisation. It is among the most commonly used likert scale because it offers just enough of what a respondent can answer. Below are the two likert scales, the fourpoint and the five point. If, however, the researcher is working with one rating scale and is interested in individual behavior, more scale points are needed and the recommendation is to use of a five. Pdf the fivepoint likert scale for dyspnea can properly. Likert scale examples for surveys sorrel brown anr program evaluation. The case for the sixpoint likert scale quantum workplace. Today likerttype data have been used in many fields related to the social sciences. Robert warmbrod1 abstract fortynine percent of the 706 articles published in the journal of agricultural education from 1995 to 2012 reported quantitative research with at least one variable measured by a likerttype scale. In an ordinal scale, responses can be rated or ranked, but. In reality the agreement scale represents discrete values on an ordered factor.
Jul 01, 2015 likert, and likerttype, responses are popular psychometric item scoring schemes for attempting to quantify peoples opinions on different issues. Having seven points tends to be a good balance between having enough points of discrimination. Use and misuse of the likert item responses and other. Examples of five point likert scale questionnaires. Developed in 1932 by rensis likert 1 to measure attitudes, the typical likert scale is a 5 or 7point ordinal scale used by respondents to rate the degree to which they agree or disagree with a statement table. The advantageous side of the likert scale is that they are the most universal method for survey.
Likert scale items are created by calculating a composite score sum or mean from four or more type likerttype items. A likert scale is commonly used to measure attitudes, knowledge, perceptions, values, and behavioral changes. Likert scale is commonly used in academic and business research because it provides a better and accurate means. In each question, a statement is presented in which a respondent must indicate a degree of agreement or disagreement in a multiple choice type format.
Of the researchers who participated in this discussion, 71% expressed a preference for 5point likert scales, 12% preferred the 6point scale, and 17% were neutral on the matter. A cognitive behavior intervention abstract concepts and feelings are made visualdepicts intensity of degree of emotionbehavior concrete static personal talk in numbers may be preferred over social or emotional words is a direct, instrumental way of teaching emotions. If responses have generally been normally distributed, and the association has been using a five point scale, then the association might want to stay the course. Since the beginning of likert scale in 1932, there have. Likert scale definition, examples and analysis simply. Our conclusion is that most modern researchers agree that the neutral rating in a 5point scale is needed when conducting survey research. A main advantage of a 5point likert scale is that it is easy to interpret the data gathered because of the numbering assigned to each option, according to simply psychology. Analyzing and interpreting data from likerttype scales.
1006 1323 688 162 76 1204 761 967 1358 148 99 559 677 1069 1174 1476 257 276 604 1125 1525 164 1504 1048 1412 1059 867 905 703 509 1095 1049 820 1118 840 453 505 48 1055 334 284 1147 1288 849 1094 999 871 934